Early Renaissance painting in France, Italy, and Flanders - Free Essay Example

Renaissance art is painting and decorating artworks in the period termed as the renaissance period in the history of Europe. This art was growing parallel with other different sectors such as the music, literature, and philosophy. The Renaissance art of painting seemed to be similar in France and Flanders but somehow differed in Italy. The similarities, as well as the differences, were easily noted in factors such as the representation of the body and face, symbolism, materials, perspective, and composition. The spread of the artwork was taking place at a high rate. This is what led to the influence of the artwork in between Italy and Northern Europe. In the comparison of the Renaissance art, its clear that the activity in France and Flanders was mainly characterized by much concentration on painting only but when it comes to Italy this consisted of architecture accompanied by sculpture. The use of linear perspective was commonly applied in the Italy but it was not the case in France and Flanders. Those artists from Italy were basing their work on scientific principles while in France and Flanders all that they were considering was the look of the images. In both, the artists were representing life-like figures in a three-dimensional manner. In the both regions, the artists were concentrating on the both mans ability as well as the importance of church. The Renaissance painting in northern Europe and Italy had large interactions which led to both art type impacting influences between them.   Ideas were passed from each of the two regions hence making changes on both sides of the regions. The Italian art materials were been exported to the northern Europe and hence this saw the artists from northern Europe acquiring the Italian art skills. The art of trade and commerce was also transferred from northern Europe to Italy. In conclusion, the art of Italy differed from the art practices in France and Flanders. Despite all the differences, their interactions made the emergence of changes in how the art activities were conducted in both Italy and northern Europe. Analysis of artist biography In order to understand the work of art in a better manner, one can choose to analyze the historical background of the artist involved. This will involve going through all the activities in which he or she was involved in. analysis of the artist biography gives all the required details of a certain artist and this will offer a basis for understanding well art work. A good illustration of understanding artwork through analysis of artist biography is the case with Julia Kristeva. As it is the case with Julia Kristeva, one among the best means to understand the artworks and what takes place in an artwork is formulating a deep study of the artist biography. This is because such kind of study will give the analyst all the information about the artist included being the type of artwork which the artist was carrying out and all the outlined fields in such kind of an art. Through this, one will have gotten the data about the specific kind of art rather than just going through many different kinds of arts as this can result in tiredness and lack of the ability to master the art in a good manner. In conclusion, to understand artwork, one has to have the determination of getting the information. This is what will push him or her to engage in the research of artists biography and background.

Pharaoh Hatshepsuts Deir el-Bahri Temple in Egypt

The Deir el-Bahri Temple Complex (also spelled Deir el-Bahari) includes one of the most beautiful temples in Egypt, perhaps in the world, built by the architects of the New Kingdom Pharaoh Hatshepsut in the 15th century BC. The three colonnaded terraces of this lovely structure were built within a steep half-circle of cliffs on the west bank of the Nile River, guarding the entrance to the great Valley of the Kings. It is unlike any other temple in Egypt--except for its inspiration, a temple built some 500 years earlier. Hatshepsut and Her Reign The pharaoh Hatshepsut (or Hatshepsowe) ruled for 21 years [about 1473-1458 BC] during the early part of the New Kingdom, before the vastly successful imperialism of her nephew/stepson and successor Thutmose (or Thutmosis) III. Although not quite as much of an imperialist as the rest of her 18h Dynasty relatives, Hatshepsut spent her reign building up the wealth of Egypt to the greater glory of the god Amun. One of the buildings she commissioned from her beloved architect (and probable consort) Senenmut or Senenu, was the lovely Djeser-Djeseru temple, rival only to the Parthenon for architectural elegance and harmony. The Sublime of the Sublimes Djeser-Djeseru means Sublime of the Sublimes or Holy of the Holies in the ancient Egyptian language, and it is the best-preserved part of the Deir el-Bahri, Arabic for Monastery of the North complex. The first temple built at Deir el-Bahri was a mortuary temple for Neb-Hepet-Re Montuhotep, built during the 11th dynasty, but few remains of this structure are left. Hatshepsuts temple architecture included some aspects of Mentuhoteps temple but on a grander scale. The walls of Djeser-Djeseru are illustrated with Hatshepsuts autobiography, including stories of her fabled trip to the land of Punt, considered by some scholars likely to have been in the modern countries of Eritrea or Somalia. The murals depicting the trip include a drawing of a grotesquely overweight Queen of Punt. Also discovered at Djeser-Djeseru were the intact roots of frankincense trees, which once decorated the front faà §ade of the temple. These trees were collected by Hatshepsut in her travels to Punt; according to the histories, she brought back five shiploads of luxury items, including exotic plants and animals. After Hatshepsut Hatshepsuts beautiful temple was damaged after her reign ended when her successor Thutmose III had her name and images chiseled off the walls. Thutmose III built his own temple to the west of Djeser-Djeseru. Additional damage was done to the temple at the orders of the later 18th dynasty heretic Akhenaten, whose faith tolerated only images of the Sun god Aten. The Deir el-Bahri Mummy Cache Deir el-Bahri is also the site of a mummy cache, a collection of pharaohs preserved bodies, retrieved from their tombs during the 21st dynasty of the New Kingdom. Looting of pharaonic tombs had become rampant, and in response, the priests Pinudjem I [1070-1037 BC] and Pinudjem II [990-969 BC] opened the ancient tombs, identified the mummies as best they could, rewrapped them and placed them in one of (at least) two caches: Queen Inhapis tomb in Deir el-Bahri (room 320) and the Tomb of Amenhotep II (KV35). The Deir el-Bahri cache included mummies of the 18th and 19th dynasty leaders Amenhotep I; Tuthmose I, II, and III; Ramses I and II, and the patriarch Seti I. The KV35 cache included Tuthmose IV, Ramses IV, V, and VI, Amenophis III and Merneptah. In both caches there were unidentified mummies, some of which were set in unmarked coffins or stacked in corridors; and some of the rulers, such as Tutankhamun, were not found by the priests. The mummy cache in Deir el-Bahri was rediscovered in 1875 and excavated over the next few years by French archaeologist Gaston Maspero, director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service. The mummies were removed to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where Maspero unwrapped them. The KV35 cache was discovered by Victor Loret in 1898; these mummies were also moved to Cairo and unwrapped. Anatomical Studies In the early 20th century, Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith examined and reported on the mummies, publishing photos and great anatomical detail in his 1912 Catalogue of the Royal Mummies. Smith was fascinated by the changes in embalming techniques over time, and he studied in detail the strong family resemblances among the pharaohs, particularly for the kings and queens in the 18th dynasty: long heads, narrow delicate faces, and projecting upper teeth. But he also noticed that some of the mummies appearances did not match the historical information known about them or the court paintings associated with them. For example, the mummy said to belong to the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten was clearly too young, and the face didnt match his distinctive sculptures. Could the 21st dynasty priests have been wrong? Identifying Mummies Since Smiths day, several studies have attempted to reconcile the identities of the mummies, but without much success. Could DNA resolve the problem? Perhaps, but the preservation of ancient DNA (aDNA) is affected not only by the age of the mummy but by the extreme methods of mummification used by the Egyptians. Interestingly, natron, properly applied, appears to preserve DNA: but differences in preservation techniques and situations (such as whether a tomb was flooded or burned) have a deleterious effect. Secondly, the fact that New Kingdom royalty intermarried may cause a problem. In particular, the pharaohs of the 18th dynasty were very closely related to one another, a result of generations of half-sisters and brothers intermarrying. It is quite possible that DNA family records may never be precise enough to identify a specific mummy. More recent studies have focused on the recurrence of various diseases, using CT scanning to identify orthopedic irregularities (Fritsch et al.) and heart disease (Thompson et al.). Archaeology at Deir el-Bahri Archaeological investigations of the Deir el-Bahri complex were begun in 1881, after objects belonging to the missing pharaohs began to turn up in the antiquities market. Gaston Maspero [1846-1916], director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service at the time, went to Luxor in 1881 and began to apply pressure to the Abdou El-Rasoul family, residents of Gurnah who had for generations been tomb robbers. The first excavations were those of Auguste Mariette in the mid-19th century. Excavations at the temple by the Egyptian Exploration Fund  (EFF) began in the 1890s led by French archaeologist Edouard Naville [1844-1926]; Howard Carter, famous for his work at Tutankhamuns tomb, also worked at Djeser-Djeseru for the EFF in the late 1890s. In 1911, Naville turned over his concession on Deir el-Bahri (which allowed him sole excavators rights), to Herbert Winlock who began what would be 25 years of excavation and restoration. Today, the restored beauty and elegance of Hatshepsuts temple is open to visitors from around the planet. Sources Brand P. 2010. Usurpation of Monuments. In: Wendrich W, editor. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles: UCLA.Brovarski E. 1976. Senenu, High Priest of Amun at Deir El-Bahri. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 62:57-73.Creasman PP. 2014. Hatshepsut and the Politics of Punt. African Archaeological Review 31(3):395-405.Fritsch KO, Hamoud H, Allam AH, Grossmann A, Nur El-Din A-H, Abdel-Maksoud G, Al-Tohamy Soliman M, Badr I, Sutherland JD, Linda Sutherland M et al. 2015. The Orthopedic Diseases of Ancient Egypt. The Anatomical Record 298(6):1036-1046.Harris JE, and Hussien F. 1991. The identification of the eighteenth dynasty royal mummies: A biological perspective. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 1:235-239.Marota I, Basile C, Ubaldi M, and Rollo F. 2002. DNA decay rate in papyri and human remains from Egyptian archaeological sites. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 117(4):310-318.Naville E. 1907. The XIth Dynasty Temple at Deir El-Bahari. London: Egypt Explorati on Fund.Roehrig CH, Dreyfus R, and Keller CA. 2005. Hatshepsut, From Queen to Pharaoh. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.Shaw I. 2003. Exploring Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Smith GE. 1912. Catalogue of the Royal Mummies. Imprimerie de Linstitut Francais Darcheologie Orientale. Le Caire.Vernus P, and Yoyotte J. 2003. Book of the Pharaohs. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Zink A, and Nerlich AG. 2003. Molecular analyses of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology 121(2):109-111.Pharaos: Feasibility of molecular studies in ancient Egyptian material.Andronik CM. 2001. Hatshepsut, His Majesty, Herself. New York: Atheneum Press.Baker RF, and Baker III CF. 2001. Hatshepsut. Ancient Egyptians: People of the Pyramids. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

School Choice Policies Affect Individual Students And...

A rising concern in recent educational policy is whether and how school choice policies affect individual students and neighborhoods. School choice policies have the ability to influence where people choose to live, and may influence the prevalence and rate of gentrification. Gentrification, a term coined by sociologist Ruth Glass (1964), is characterized by the middle class moving into a working-class space, taking up residence, opening businesses, lobbying for infrastructure improvements, and consequently uplifting the social status of that neighborhood. Whereas there has emerged a growing body of research concerning the effects of charter, magnet, and private schools on the academic success of disadvantaged minorities, not a lot has been done to investigate the effects of these schools on gentrification patterns. Many charter schools operate on a lottery system, in which students are chosen randomly if the number of applicants exceeds the number of spots available. However, some c harter schools give preference to neighborhood residents, and this could affect where a gentrifying family decides to live. This study aims to understand whether and how schools that give preference to neighborhood residents affect the surrounding community and patterns of gentrification. Understanding these trends could be imperative to future policy changes and could help close the educational gap among children of varying socioeconomic status. LITERATURE REVIEW Although there has been aShow MoreRelatedObesity : A Growing Epidemic For Decades1396 Words   |  6 Pagesnutrition and physical activity necessary to live a healthy life. Obesity has a great affect on children. It impacts their physical, mental, behavioral, emotional, learning and dental problems. All these factors affect their physical and social growth. 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An Analysis of Societal Conditions for Topography- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss aboutAn Analysis of Societal Conditions for Topography. Answer: Society is defined as a collective class of people bounded by certain societal relations. The people are characterized in having shared similarities in culture, languages, topography, religious affiliation and in the way of life (Hall, 2013). The essay outlines the fact to demonstrate social knowledge to reach upon an effective conclusion on the highly debated topic that whether human beings are autonomous free agents or are they conditioned and constrained by society. A discussion about the various types of constraints placed by society upon the lives of humans to stop them from being free autonomous agents has been explored in this essay to highlight the subject of this debated issue (Gelfand, 2012). In sociology, society is studied based on comparison and differentiation. From time immemorial, sociologists have categorized societies as first world, second world and third world based on living standards, modernization and per capita income. The modern concepts of sociology further categorizes society into post- industrial society, capitalist society, industrial society, knowledge society and many other such categorizations (Thompson, Hickey Thompson, 2016). Human beings are considered the most civilized unit residing in a society. In a society, humans live in close harmony and partnership with the other flora and fauna. Humans have come a long way from learning to lit fire to sending space missions in the universe. Undoubtedly, with this, humans have shown that almost nothing is unachievable through their industrious nature. Human beings definitely have the skills of courteous manners, quick rationale, the ability to quickly evolve and execute a plan, inculcate interesting hobbies and many more, but they are not free autonomous agents. They do not possess the complete liberty to do anything they want. In that case, a wild animal or a bird is freer than a human is. No wonder how much the world becomes an ideal place to live, there will always be certain constraints imposed by the society (Urry, 2012). In a way, human beings can be said to be the sweet puppets of society. From birth, human beings are subjected to the process of social conditioning. Little children are taught by their parents and their teachers as to what is socially acceptable and what is socially unacceptable. Children are expected to conduct their behavioral norms in accordance with the social norms. They are expected to attend and complete their school terms, college terms and even they opt for higher studies through the qualification of the required examination papers. It would be terribly unacceptable if they fail to follow the above course of life. Society would shun any non-followers and would brand them as social outcasts. It really does not matter whether the child has any other dreams or does not want to pursue the conventional educational course by heart. Society does not care and never delays to impose the constraints. After that, it becomes the sole objective in the life of a child, as he or she grows up. Society would not accept a wayward life. Therefore, it can be said that humans are not autonomous free agents but they are conditioned and constrained by society (Archer, 2013). After the completion of the educational phase, humans enter the professional phase. In the professional phase, they are again constrained by the society to conduct their work life in accordance with the organizational policies. Failure to do so would seriously jeopardize the career of an individual. In addition to this, an individual is expected to have a career. Unfortunately, the social status of a person depends upon acquired financial possession, which can be only be done by earning an income through honest means. This is the undefined rule of the society. Unlike animals, if a person just passes his life without doing anything substantial, then it becomes socially unacceptable. According to the societal norms, a person must be educationally qualified and must find an occupation where he or she can utilize the earned knowledge. A person not having a planned professional life earns nothing but disrespect. Therefore, it can be said that humans are not autonomous free agents but they are conditioned and constrained by society (Treiman, 2013). Simultaneously, with the constraint in the educational and professional course of life, human beings are also bounded by society to marry and have a family. A person who refuses to conform to the connubial norms of the society is not looked favorably in a society. The institution of marriage no doubt helps to stabilize the society and create a proper system of propinquity. It also places certain restrictions on the lives of both men and women, especially of women, in a subtle way. Unlike animals, human beings after being wedded are expected to live and behave in a certain societal manner. Moreover, it is always been the accepted norm that when two humans get married, they should live a happy life with shared responsibilities in finances, housekeeping, parenting of children, marital duties and others. Society does not sympathize with the victims of broken marriage or relationship. Therefore, it can be said that humans are not autonomous free agents but they are conditioned and constra ined by society (Beach Fincham, 2013). Thereby, from the discussion attempted in the above analysis, it can be concluded that society constantly places constraints at every step in the life of a human being to make them social puppets. No matter the level of advancement, that takes place in a society, these societal constraints would not go away from the lives of humans. Externally, it might seem that humans enjoy a perfect life of roses in the 21st century. Nonetheless, when inspection is done closely, it becomes evident that in reality, human society is a life full of painful thorns. Society is made up by humans. It can then be said that humans themselves are intolerant of other humans. Under the disguise of society, they place certain constraints on the lives of their fellow humans and cease them from being autonomous free agents. References Archer, M. S. (2013).Social origins of educational systems. Routledge. Beach, S. R., Fincham, F. D. (2013). Toward an integrated model of negative affectivity in marriage.The Heart Of The Matter: Perspectives On Emotion In Marital: Perspectives On Emotion In Marital Therapy, 227. Gelfand, M. J. (2012). Cultures constraints: International differences in the strength of social norms.Current Directions in Psychological Science,21(6), 420-424. Hall, J. R. (Ed.). (2013).Civil society: Theory, history, comparison. John Wiley Sons. Thompson, W. E., Hickey, J. V., Thompson, M. L. (2016).Society in focus: An introduction to sociology. Rowman Littlefield. Treiman, D. J. (2013).Occupational prestige in comparative perspective. Elsevier. Urry, J. (2012).Sociology beyond societies: Mobilities for the twenty-first century. Routledge.